Resources for Less Prominent Women of the Apocrypha

Agia 1 Esdras 5:38

• “Agia” by Toni Craven in Women in Scripture: A Dictionary of Named and Unnamed Women in the Hebrew Bible, the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books, and the New Testament by Carol Meyers (2001)

Apame 1 Esdras 4:29-31

• “Apame (concubine)” on Wikipedia (2022)

Cleopatra Thea 1 Macc 10:54, 57-58; 11:9-12

• Cleopatras by J.E.G. Whitehorn (1994)

• “Cleopatra Thea” on Wikipedia (January 12, 2023)

• “The Other Cleopatra” by George Taylor in Saudi Aramco World (March/April 1978)

Antiochis 2 Macc 4:30

• “Antiochis” by James Orr in International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (1915)

Arsinoë 3 Macc 1:1, 4

• “Arsinoë II: Queenmaker of Ptolemaic Egypt” podcast episode on The Exploress (July 11, 2020)

• “Arsinoë II: queen of Thrace and Egypt” by Richard Pallardy in Encyclopedia Britannica (2014)

• “Arsinoe II Philadelphus” by Branko van Oppen in World History Encyclopedia (February 3, 2020)

• “Arsinoe II” in The Medusa Archive (2018)

Widows Tob 1:8

• "Widows" (p.358) by Toni Craven in Women in Scripture: A Dictionary of Named and Unnamed Women in the Hebrew Bible, the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books, and the New Testament, edited by Carol Meyers (2001)

• "Tobit" by Eileen M. Schuller in Women’s Bible Commentary, edited by Carol A. Newsom and Sharon H. Ringe (1998)

• Tobit by Carey A. Moore (1996)

• "Widows in the Bible" by Robin Gallaher Branch

• "You Shall Not Ill-Treat Any Widow or Orphan: A Moral Value Made Law" by Prof. Rabbi Marty Lockshin

Deborah (Grandmother of Tobit) Tob 1:8

• “Deborah” on Bible Odyssey (2022)

• “Biblical People: Deborah (3)” by Peter DeHaan on A Bible a Day

• “A Jewish Woman’s Influence on her Son should not be Underestimated” by Amy Jill-Levine in L’Osservatore Romano (December 3, 2022)

• “Book of Tobit” on Wordtrade.com Bible (2012)

• “Raphael and the Virgin Bride” Sermon by Wil Gafney (September 29, 2021)

Kinship Wife Tob 1:9; 4:12-13; 6:11-13, 16; 7:10; 8:21

• "Kinship Wife" (p.358) by Toni Craven in Women in Scripture: A Dictionary of Named and Unnamed Women in the Hebrew Bible, the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books, and the New Testament, edited by Carol Meyers (2001)

• "Tobit" by Eileen M. Schuller in Women’s Bible Commentary, edited by Carol A. Newsom and Sharon H. Ringe (1998)

• "Marriage (OT and ANE)" by Victor P. Hamilton in The Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol. 4 (1992)

Female (and Male) Servants Tob 3:7-9; 8:12-14; 10:10

• "Female (and Male) Servants" (p.359) by Toni Craven in Women in Scripture: A Dictionary of Named and Unnamed Women in the Hebrew Bible, the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books, and the New Testament, edited by Carol Meyers (2001)

• "Tobit" by Eileen M. Schuller in Women’s Bible Commentary, edited by Carol A. Newsom and Sharon H. Ringe (1998)

Wives Tob 3:8

• "Enemy of Sarah" (p.359-360) by Toni Craven in Women in Scripture: A Dictionary of Named and Unnamed Women in the Hebrew Bible, the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books, and the New Testament, edited by Carol Meyers (2001)

• "Tobit" by Eileen M. Schuller in Women’s Bible Commentary, edited by Carol A. Newsom and Sharon H. Ringe (1998)

• Tobit by Carey A. Moore (1996)

• "Asmodeus" by The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica

Daughter (and Son) Tob 3:9

• "Daughter (and Son)" (p.360) by Toni Craven in Women in Scripture: A Dictionary of Named and Unnamed Women in the Hebrew Bible, the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books, and the New Testament, edited by Carol Meyers (2001)

• "Tobit" by Eileen M. Schuller in Women’s Bible Commentary, edited by Carol A. Newsom and Sharon H. Ringe (1998)

• Tobit by Carey A. Moore (1996)

Foreign Wife Tob 4:12

• "Foreign Wife" (p.360) by Toni Craven in Women in Scripture: A Dictionary of Named and Unnamed Women in the Hebrew Bible, the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books, and the New Testament, edited by Carol Meyers (2001)

• "Marriage (OT and ANE)" by Victor P. Hamilton in The Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol. 4 (1992)

• Tobit by Carey A. Moore (1996)

Edna Tob 7:2-8, 13, 15-16; 8:11-12, 19, 21; 10:12-13; 14:13

• “Edna: Apocrypha” by Beverly Bow on Jewish Women’s Archive (1999)

• “Raphael and the Virgin Bride” Sermon by Wil Gafney (September 29, 2021)

Eve Tob 8:6; Sir 25:24; 40:1; 42:13; 4 Macc 18:7

• "Eve: Apocrypha" by Alice Ogden Bellis

Zosara Esth 5:10, 14; 6:13

• “Zosara” by Carey A. Moore in Women in Scripture: A Dictionary of Named and Unnamed Women in the Hebrew Bible, The Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books, and the New Testament by Carol Meyers (2001)

Cleopatra II Esth 11:1 (Addition F)

• “Cleopatra II” in The Medusa Archive (2018)

• “Cleopatra II” on Wikipedia (October 11, 2022)

• “Cleopatra” from Encyclopaedia Judaica on Jewish Virtual Library (2008)

• Cleopatras by J.E.G. Whitehorn (1994)

Women/Wives of Israel Jdt 4:10-12; 13:18; 15:12-13

• "Women/Wives of Israel" (pp.360-361) by Toni Craven in Women in Scripture: A Dictionary of Named and Unnamed Women in the Hebrew Bible, the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books, and the New Testament, edited by Carol Meyers (2001)

• "Judith" by Denise Dombkowski Hopkins in Women’s Bible Commentary, edited by Carol A. Newsom and Sharon H. Ringe (1998)

• Judith: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary by Carey A. Moore (1985)

• "Women (OT)" by Phyllis A. Bird in The Anchor Bible Dictionary, vol. 6 (1992)

Women/Wives of Bethulia Jdt 6:16; 7:22-23, 32

• "Women/Wives of Israel" (pp.360-361) by Toni Craven in Women in Scripture: A Dictionary of Named and Unnamed Women in the Hebrew Bible, the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books, and the New Testament, edited by Carol Meyers (2001)

• "Judith" by Denise Dombkowski Hopkins in Women’s Bible Commentary, edited by Carol A. Newsom and Sharon H. Ringe (1998)

• "Judith" by Denise Dombkowski Hopkins

• Judith: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary by Carey A. Moore (1985)

Sisters (and Brothers) Jdt 7:30

• "Sisters (and Brothers)" (pp.361-362) by Toni Craven in Women in Scripture: A Dictionary of Named and Unnamed Women in the Hebrew Bible, the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books, and the New Testament, edited by Carol Meyers (2001)

• Judith: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary by Carey A. Moore (1985)

• "Judith" by Denise Dombkowski Hopkins in Women’s Bible Commentary, edited by Carol A. Newsom and Sharon H. Ringe (1998)

Women (and Men) Slaves Jdt 8:7

• "Women (and Men) Slaves" (p.362) by Toni Craven in Women in Scripture: A Dictionary of Named and Unnamed Women in the Hebrew Bible, the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books, and the New Testament, edited by Carol Meyers (2001)

• Judith: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary by Carey A. Moore (1985)

• "Slavery in the Hebrew Bible" by Zev Farber

• "Judith" by Denise Dombkowski Hopkins in Women’s Bible Commentary, edited by Carol A. Newsom and Sharon H. Ringe (1998)

Maid of Judith Jdt 8:10, 33; 10:2, 5, 10, 17; 12:15, 19; 13:3, 9; 16:23

• "Maid of Judith" (pp.362-363) by Toni Craven in Women in Scripture: A Dictionary of Named and Unnamed Women in the Hebrew Bible, the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books, and the New Testament, edited by Carol Meyers (2001)

• "Judith: Apocrypha" by Toni Craven

• Judith: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary by Carey A. Moore (1985)

• "Judith" by Denise Dombkowski Hopkins in Women’s Bible Commentary, edited by Carol A. Newsom and Sharon H. Ringe (1998)

Virgin Defiled Jdt 9:2

• "Virgin Defiled" (p.362-363) by Toni Craven in Women in Scripture: A Dictionary of Named and Unnamed Women in the Hebrew Bible, the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books, and the New Testament, edited by Carol Meyers (2001)

• "Judith" by Denise Dombkowski Hopkins in Women’s Bible Commentary, edited by Carol A. Newsom and Sharon H. Ringe (1998)

• "Dinah" by Alison L. Joseph

• Judith: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary by Carey A. Moore (1985)

• "Rape in the Hebrew Bible" by Frank M. Yamada

Wives/Daughters of Sechem Jdt 9:4

• "Wives/Daughters of Shechem" (p.363) by Toni Craven in Women in Scripture: A Dictionary of Named and Unnamed Women in the Hebrew Bible, the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books, and the New Testament, edited by Carol Meyers (2001)

• "Judith" by Denise Dombkowski Hopkins in Women’s Bible Commentary, edited by Carol A. Newsom and Sharon H. Ringe (1998)

• "Dinah: Bible" by Rachel Adelman

• Judith: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary by Carey A. Moore (1985)

• "Shechem" by HarperCollins Bible Dictionary

Assyrian Women Jdt 12:13

• "Assyrian Women" (pp.363-364) by Toni Craven in Women in Scripture: A Dictionary of Named and Unnamed Women in the Hebrew Bible, the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books, and the New Testament, edited by Carol Meyers (2001)

• "Judith" by Denise Dombkowski Hopkins in Women’s Bible Commentary, edited by Carol A. Newsom and Sharon H. Ringe (1998)

• Judith: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary by Carey A. Moore (1985)

Virgins as Spoil Jdt 16:4

• "Virgins as Spoil" (p.364) by Toni Craven in Women in Scripture: A Dictionary of Named and Unnamed Women in the Hebrew Bible, the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books, and the New Testament, edited by Carol Meyers (2001)

• "Judith" by Denise Dombkowski Hopkins in Women’s Bible Commentary, edited by Carol A. Newsom and Sharon H. Ringe (1998)

• Judith: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary by Carey A. Moore (1985)

Slave Girls Jdt 16:12

• "Slave Girls" (p.364) by Toni Craven in Women in Scripture: A Dictionary of Named and Unnamed Women in the Hebrew Bible, the Apocryphal/Deuterocanonical Books, and the New Testament, edited by Carol Meyers (2001)

• Judith: A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary by Carey A. Moore (1985)